1、What is BMPV, BIPV, and BAPV?
"BMPV" (Building Mounted Photovoltaic): A photovoltaic power generation system installed on a building, also known as "building photovoltaic." BMPV includes BAPV and BIPV. The buildings involved include various civil buildings, public buildings, industrial buildings, and other buildings that can carry photovoltaic power generation systems.
"BIPV" (Building Integrated Photovoltaic): A solar photovoltaic power generation system that is designed, constructed, installed, and perfectly combined with the building, also known as "building-integrated" and "building-materials" solar photovoltaic buildings. It not only has power generation function but also has the function of building components and building materials. It can even enhance the aesthetics of buildings and form a perfect unity with buildings.
"BAPV" (Building Attached Photovoltaic): A solar photovoltaic power generation system attached to a building, also known as an "installation-type" solar photovoltaic building. Its main function is power generation, which does not conflict with the functions of the building and does not damage or weaken the original functions of the building.
2、What are the advantages and disadvantages of thin-film batteries and crystalline silicon, respectively?
3、How does the performance of thin-film batteries compare to crystalline silicon?
4、What are the respective application areas of thin film batteries and crystalline silicon?
Thin film batteries, due to their lightweight, transparency, and flexibility, can be widely used in low-load business and industrial roofs, building facades, skylights, external sunshades, sunrooms, canopies, landscape corridors, agricultural greenhouses, and mobile power sources.
Crystalline silicon modules are more suitable for large-scale centralized grid-connected photovoltaic power plants, such as large ground power stations and rooftops of large buildings with sufficient load-bearing capacity. They have advantages in terms of power generation capacity and installation capacity.。
5、What are the applications of BIPV?
BIPV is mainly used in the surrounding walls or exterior walls of buildings. It can also be used in the shade structure of building parking lots and building courtyards. BIPV can be applied to sloping roofs, large buildings' roofs, as well as individual residences, commercial buildings, school and hospital buildings, airport and subway stations, bus platforms, and large factory workshops.
6、What are the types of BIPV components?
7、What are the advantages of applying BIPV?
There are significant advantages to applying photovoltaic power generation to buildings, which can be seen in the following aspects:
Building-integrated photovoltaic components can replace some building components, directly using the main structure of the building as the support structure for the photovoltaic components, without occupying additional building space and land resources, which also reduces the cost of the photovoltaic system.
Generation and usage on-site eliminates the need for power transmission lines, saving investment in power plant transmission grids, and greatly reducing power loss in transmission and distribution.
The daily/seasonal power generation of building-integrated photovoltaic systems can align with the peak demand periods of buildings, effectively reducing building electricity consumption. This is especially beneficial during high load periods in summer, alleviating pressure on the public power grid.
Installing photovoltaic arrays on roofs, walls, and other building envelopes can significantly reduce the surface temperature of the building envelope structure while converting solar energy into electrical energy. This helps reduce cooling loads for indoor air conditioning.
8、What are the positive effects of BIPV on buildings?
(1) Enhancing the aesthetic appeal of buildings. The unique aesthetic characteristics of photovoltaic components, such as color, geometry, and texture, can influence the overall appearance of buildings. When exposed to sunlight, the position and type of photovoltaic components can create different light and shadow effects, colors, and transparencies, creating a distinctive style and aesthetic appeal for buildings.
Matching the scale of photovoltaic systems with the size of building components is essential to better integrate the photovoltaic system with the structure and enhance the overall visual experience of the building. For example, the Kaohsiung Dragon Tiger Sports Stadium utilizes the color, texture, and scale of crystalline silicon photovoltaic components to create a sense of scale from dragon scales, dragon bones to a soaring dragon, creating a proportional effect from the specific to the overall.
By arranging cadmium telluride photovoltaic modules in contrast to glass, ordinary glass curtain walls are arranged horizontally, while cadmium telluride photovoltaic curtain walls are angled with the glass curtain walls, creating a simple vertical line arrangement. The east-west facing scales cleverly separate the photovoltaic glass from ordinary glass, increasing the amount of sunlight received from the south and enhancing power generation. At the same time, by utilizing the space created by the east-west facing design, ventilation louvers are incorporated, creating a visually dynamic arrangement of photovoltaic glass. The overall appearance of the building has a unique three-dimensional effect, with the photovoltaic glass complementing the ordinary glass.
(2) Substitute for original building components. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) components integrate solar cells with different types of substrates such as metal, glass, or organic materials. They can provide the same functions as the original building components and can be installed in the corresponding parts of the building. Their physical, structural, and safety performances meet the requirements of the corresponding parts, and in some cases, even exceed those of the original building components. Common types of BIPV systems include photovoltaic tiles, hollow glass photovoltaic components, aluminum honeycomb panel photovoltaic components, vacuum glass photovoltaic components, and FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) panel photovoltaic components, etc.
(3) Promote or expand the use functions of buildings. By utilizing the physical properties of photovoltaic components, the original use functions of buildings can be improved or expanded through architectural design methods, creating more benefits. Solar cells can absorb more solar energy, reducing the direct radiation of sunlight on the roof and providing insulation and thermal insulation; they can also absorb direct sunlight and part of the reflected light, converting most of the solar radiation energy into electrical energy.
(4) Improve the comfort of building use. Improve indoor daylighting comfort with photovoltaic components. Arrange photovoltaic components and coated glass alternately to prevent excessive direct sunlight from entering the interior. At the same time, utilize the coated glass between the photovoltaic components for daylighting and ventilation to improve the indoor lighting comfort. The design of the coated glass meets the visual range when standing or sitting.
Taking into account the local climate conditions, set up a photovoltaic daylighting atrium, which can solve the daylighting of the rooms inside the atrium and use the photovoltaic components to block excessive sunlight from entering the interior to avoid overheating.
(5)Improve the energy efficiency of buildings. Photovoltaic components can be installed in various forms on buildings, generally based on the basic conditions of the building project. Different installation forms of photovoltaic components can have additional additional functions.
9、What does solar energy battery include?
Solar energy batteries are mainly divided into inorganic solar cells, organic solar cells, and photochemical solar cells according to the materials, as shown in the table below:
10、What are the specific photovoltaic power generation systems?
Photovoltaic power generation systems can be divided into standalone photovoltaic power generation systems, grid-connected photovoltaic power generation systems, and distributed photovoltaic power generation systems.
Standalone photovoltaic power generation, also known as off-grid photovoltaic power generation, mainly consists of solar panels, controllers, and batteries. If it is necessary to power AC loads, an AC inverter is also required. Standalone photovoltaic power stations include various photovoltaic power generation systems that can operate independently with batteries, such as power supply systems for remote villages, solar home power systems, communication signal power supplies, cathodic protection systems, and solar street lights.
Grid-connected photovoltaic power generation refers to the direct current generated by solar panels being converted into alternating current that meets the requirements of the utility grid through grid-connected inverters and then directly connected to the public power grid.
Grid-connected photovoltaic power generation systems can be divided into systems with batteries and systems without batteries. Grid-connected systems with batteries provide dispatchability and can be connected or disconnected from the grid according to the needs. They also serve as backup power sources and can provide emergency power when the grid is out. These systems are often installed in residential buildings. Grid-connected systems without batteries do not have dispatchability and backup power functions. They are usually installed in larger systems.
Grid-connected photovoltaic power generation includes large-scale centralized grid-connected photovoltaic power plants, which are usually national-level power plants. The main feature is to directly transmit the generated electricity to the power grid for centralized dispatch to users. However, these power plants require large investments, have long construction periods, and occupy large land areas, so they have not developed much. On the other hand, distributed small-scale grid-connected photovoltaic power generation, especially photovoltaic building integrated systems, have become the mainstream of grid-connected photovoltaic power generation because of their advantages such as small investments, fast construction, small land occupation, and strong policy support.
Distributed photovoltaic power generation, also known as decentralized power generation or distributed energy supply, refers to the configuration of small-scale photovoltaic power generation systems on-site or near the electricity consumption site to meet the specific needs of users and support the economic operation of the existing power distribution network, or to simultaneously meet both requirements.
The basic equipment of a distributed photovoltaic power generation system includes solar panels, support structures, DC combiner boxes, DC distribution cabinets, grid-connected inverters, AC distribution cabinets, etc. In addition, there are also power system monitoring devices and environmental monitoring devices. The operation mode of a distributed photovoltaic power generation system is that under the condition of solar radiation, the solar panels convert and output the solar energy into electrical energy, which is then sent to the DC distribution cabinet through the DC combiner box. The electricity is inverted into AC power by the grid-connected inverter and supplied to the building's own load. Excess or insufficient power is regulated by connecting to the grid.